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LAW/LAWS

  
  From 3rd Century BCE Latin lāres = "a group ancient Roman deities (gods) defining localized activities, customs and practices accumulated over time including (but not limited to) home, family, the state, the sea, land and travel". 12th Century Old English lārs = "a collection of common doctrines, customs and practices accumulated over time; and the teaching of such customs", later 16th Century Middle English lore/law = "A collection of rules (doctrines), customs and practices (accumulated over time) enjoining or prohibiting certain action; also the individual rules themselves ". Contrary to misleading information, the Ancient Roman Legal System never considered the customs of lāres as being other than religious doctrine and ancient superstitions (witchcraft). Instead, the Roman Empire was founded on lēx/lēgis (statutes) and later (under Constantine) ilex (universal statutes). The modern western legal systems of nations are therefore based on inferior lāres --religious doctrines and concepts designed by the Roman Cult--while the Roman Cult reserved the formal structure of superior lēx/lēgis in the form of covenants and agreements such as Concordats, Official Church Councils and Papal Bulls.  
     
  LAWFUL PROCESS  
  see DUE PROCESS  
   
  LAWYER  
  From 16th Century English law = "law" and pre 13th Century English/French -ieür="a person or thing connected with-" meaning "a layman (non cleric) qualified and authorized to practice law".  
   
  LAW DICTIONARY  
  From the late 18th Century in English COMMON LAW such as Sir William Blackstone (b. 1723- d. 1780) author of Commentaries on the Law of England, containing the first consolidated lists of claimed legal terms within COMMON LAW and later the mysterious Henry Campbell Black (b. 1860 - d. 1927) publisher of the 1st definitive legal dictionary in 1891 known as Black's Law Dictionary. The invention of the list of legal terms first by Blackstone and later refined by Black greatly reduced the influence of RHETORIC and Knowledge of DUE PROCESS (of the Law) in favour of agreement of alleged LEGAL TERMS. Prior to the invention of the fiction of "universal common meaning" to legal words, historic records of CASE LAW prior to the 20th Century demonstrates quite different interpretations of the meaning for a wider number of legal terms. Furthermore, it has been conclusively proven that from the very 1st editions of Law Dictionaries such as Black's Law Dictionary included completely forged legal terms were created, including substantial re-editing of definitions between editions, particularly in promoting the importance of PERSON and other LEGAL FICTIONS under ROMAN LAW. Far from the credibility of Law Dictionaries being questioned due to wildly changing and contradictory definitions being created constantly in newer editions, Law Dictionaries are now considered a fundamental component of most COMMON LAW systems.  
     
   
  LETTER  
  From 12th Century Latin litteræ English letter and French lettre meaning "official writing, epistle, note, literature". A deliberate corruption of the ancient pre 6th Century Latin littera "character of the alphabet".  
     
  LETTER OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL  
  Letters Patent from a COMPANY under CHARTER owned by the HOLY SEE granting permission and indemnity to an agent to act unlawfully.  
   
  LETTERS PATENT  
  From 14th Century Latin litterae patentes meaning literally an "open (official) letter". From 12th Century latin litteræ see LETTER and patentes see PATENT. A Letters Patent is similar in respect to a CHARTER in being used for official grants, titles, laws, right or monopoly and also in respect of honoring traditional form including the INCIPIT, the DATUM and the SEAL. However, Letters Patents may be on several pieces of paper and not velum (animal skin), may use black ink instead of red and a printed seal, instead of a BULLA. As such a Letters Patent is always legally inferior to a proper CHARTER. The most common Letters Patent today are Degrees and Diplomas from Colleges and Universities--most of which fail to adhere to the valid legal form.  
     
   
  LEX LEGIS  
 

 

  
   
  LIEN  
  From 15th Century French "a legal claim upon the property of another as security for some debt". From 13th Century Latin ligamen "bond", from earlier Latin ligare "to bind, tie".  
   
  LIABILITY  
 

Responsibility or obligation. For example, a debt is a liability or responsibility.

 
   
  LOWER CASE  
  From 18th Century English printing/typographical terminology meaning "smaller characters" as stored by printers in small drawers called type cases for letterpress printing. According to ROMAN LAW since the 18th Century, the correct legal term is MINUSCULE.  
     
     
 
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