The concept of forces
 
  The concept of the existence of forces is fundamental to all of the sciences of humanity. Given that a belief in the existence of forces is so fundamental to any of our understanding of the world around us, it is generally taken for granted that forces and motion are well understood by science.  
  For instance, we may sit in a motor car, turn on the ignition, press the accelerator and 'usually', the car will start to move. If the car stops, we may get out and "push" the car to the side of the road. Back home, frustrated and exhausted, we may turn on the hot water jug and boil a cup of coffee.  
  All these are examples of different interactions of forces creating motion. Over the thousands of years of human development, we have been able to catalogue hundreds of thousands of results of applying forces. We have even developed enough confidence in describing the behaviour of forces and energy to write physical laws such as Newton's Laws of Motion and the Four laws of Thermodynamics.  
  It would therefore seem a relatively simple question to ask what is a force? even how many forces are there in the Universe? And even a further question might follow, why do forces behave the way they do?  
6.9.1 What is a force in contemporary science?  
  The word "force" is derived from the Latin word fortis, meaning strong. In a scientific sense, the word is used to describe anything that produces a change in a body's rate of motion.  
  It was through the work of Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and his three Laws of Motion that science developed the basis of our current model describing all forces as basically "pushes" or "pulls" (sounding very similar to attraction and repulsion).  
  Because of his historic work, the unit of all forces is named the Newton, which is the amount of force needed to give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per second per second (abbreviated as 1m/sec 2 ) e.g. with every second that passes, the mass travels 1m/sec faster than it did the second before.  
6.9.2 How many forces does science believe are in the Universe?  
  One of the most famous stories regarding Sir Isaac Newton and his quest for answers was when he was sitting under a tree in an apple orchard and observed an apple fall from the tree.  
  It was his persistent questioning of this event that eventually led him to develop a set of laws governing gravity- recognized universally in contemporary science as a force.  
  Then we have concepts such as magnetism, that attracts and repels. Magnetism and the more contemporary view of combining the behaviour of electrons with magnetism as "electro-magnetism" is also defined by science as a force.  
  In recent times, physics has developed the concepts of strong force and weak force to describe the behaviour of atomic structures and why they hold together.  
  In summary, there is now generally believed by science to be four main forces in the Universe interacting to cause the change in motion of all forms of matter.  
6.9.3 How does science explain why forces behave the way they do?  
  Given the confidence of contemporary science to describe the purpose of forces, behaviour of forces and the number of forces, it may surprise you that there currently does not exist a comprehensive scientific model that describes why (not how) forces behave the way they do.  
  The model that science desperately wants is just that- a Unified Theory of Forces. A model, that would describe not only what forces are made of, but why they do what they do.  
  The problem is that almost our entire knowledge base on forces is accumulated from the observation of the behaviour of forces as opposed to understanding why a force does what it does.  
6.9.4 The breakthrough in a Unified Theory of all Forces is in clear, logol classification  
  Remember earlier, we mentioned sciences definition of forces as "anything that produces a change in a body's rate of motion"?  
  In section 6.8 we explained that perfect vacuums do not exist. That there will always be more than one Unita in the Universe and that the presence of more than one particle will affect the motion and energy level of the other particle, even if the change is infinitesimally small.  
  If we were to use to current contemporary scientific definition of what is a "force", then strictly speaking we would have to classify a single Unita affecting the other as an individual "force". The same goes for the effect of the Unita on the other.  
  If we take this to its logol conclusion, then by science's own definition, all Unita in the Universe are forces and there are an infinite number of forces at any given moment.  
6.9.5 Trying to Unify something that has not been observed properly  
  Clearly, a definition of forces properly understood to mean infinite objects and infinite forces, working at the same time is unworkable (in other words the current scientific definition of what is a "force"). Instead, we need to find a new definition that provides some insight into the underlying behaviour of groups of Unita with other groups of Unita.  
  Before we provide an answer to this problem, let us investigate another assumed fundamental basis of science- the concept of energy.  
     
 
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