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7.9
The concept of magnetism
  It has been known since ancient times that the Earth is a giant magnet. Naturally magnetic rocks suspended by a thread have long been known to turn to point north and south and the mariner's compass consisting of a balanced and pivoted magnetized steel needle has been an indispensable device for centuries. The cause of the Earth's magnetism was not established however until the middle of the 20th century.  
  According to this model, we now understand the particle responsible for weak magnetism is the Electron Neutrino and strong magnetism is the Magneton (Muon Neutrino). We will also see in a moment that the electron also plays an important part in the "strengthening" of effect of magnetism.  
7.9.1 One type of magnetic particle  
  Firstly, there is only one type of Magneton. There is no Magneton and anti-Magneton in operation to describe like fields of magnetism opposing each others and dislike fields attracting each other. We will explain this in a moment. However, what we want to make absolutely clear is that there is only one particle called a Magneton that is responsible for all basic behaviour of strong magnetism.  
 
 
7.9.2 The size, strength and behaviour of electrons and magnetons  
  That electrical fields and magnetic fields behave in similar ways has been a major understanding of science for the past 100 years. We understand electrons and magnetons to behave so well together that scientists have even coined the phrase "electro-magnetism" to describe the behaviour of one force.  
  Looking at the information of the model, we see that the electron and the magneton (and positron) are indeed of similar genealogy. The magneton is much smaller than the electron, but is stronger in attraction and potential energis than the electron. We see that the electron and positron in fact have one electron neutrino each, compared to two electron neutrinos for the magneton.  
  We see that when both particles are in similar wavelength that the electron orbits the magneton (weakly), thus strengthening the effect of the behaviour of the magneton significantly. However, when their wavelengths are disrupted by competing external influences, we see a weakening of the strength of both particles and their behaviour becoming more erratic.  
7.9.3 Magnetons within certain atomic and molecular structures  
  When atomic structures are of a sufficient size, Magnetons are there as a fundamental part of the objects' structure. The accumulated higher density of certain substances (e.g. the silicate family) account for a greater proportion of magnetons, therefore "magnetism".  
  Iron is an excellent example of a substance known to be magnetic. What we mean is that magnetons are actually part of the atomic structures of Iron particles, therefore by definition Iron is magnetic.  
7.9.4 The creation of magnetic fields around certain substances- the creation of magnets  
  Almost all silicate structures (metals) can be magnetized (created into a magnet). What this means is that a magnetic field exists around the substance (e.g. a block of iron). The presence of magnetic fields themselves explains the behaviour of "positive" magnetism and "negative" magnetism.  
  Essentially a magnetic field is a self generating field of magnetic particles moving externally and internally through a substance in a pattern of motion.  
  As a self generating patterned field, there is a generally return point for magnetons coming into the substance, a travel route through the substance, an exit point and then the external feed loop back into the entry point.  
  What physically happens is that when a sufficiently large electrical or magnetic field is applied to a magnetic substance, the electrical field strips out the magnetons (and a fair number of electrons) into the larger magnetic field. This leaves ready made homes for new magnetons and electrons. They arrive from the bottom pole and travel into find a home, only to be drawn on by the greater attraction of magnetons and electrons exiting the substance.  
  When the strong field is removed, the magnetons and some electrons are now in a self perpetuating cycle of trying to find a home, thus creating the flow of internal and external magnetic fields.  
7.9.5 Which direction is in and out?  
  It is a good question to ask, which direction is in and out for magnetons and electrons? The answer is simply the strength and direction of the dominant magnetic and electric field at that place at that time. As this tends to be the Earth's magnetic fields at the time, most magnetic fields on the Earth are in sync with the larger fields of the Earth.  
  All these systems of rules, pervading all knowledge effectively presents us a word is profoundly important.  
7.9.6 Why the same repel and dislike attract  
  When two magnets are put together and the same "charged" ends are attempted to be placed together they are repelled. The "positive" ends have a narrow focused repulsion, while the "negative" ends have a broad stronger wider, but weaker centre of repulsion.  
  If we look at this phenomena we can see that the two magnetic fields begin to "feed off" each other exponentially as they are brought closer. Two positive ends create an impenetrable "fortis field" between each substance making it quite hard even to put the positive ends of two pieces of magnetized iron magnets together. As hard as you push, the repulsion of the magnetism gets stronger.  
  When you try this on two negative ends, you encounter the repulsion fortis much earlier. But it seems to have a weak spot and the two magnets can be joined together, although magnetism of both pieces seems to drop.  
  This effect can be explained with what happens when two "feeder" areas for magnetic fields are brought together. As the particles are traveling out and then in, at a further distance they push against each other and then repel. But there is a limited repulsion range, because the particles are heading back into the substance, following their natural fields. The repulsion fortis breaks off.  
7.9.7 The Earth's magnetic fields  
  The magnetic field of the Earth behave so that a compass needle will turn so that its north pole points to the geographic north pole. So what is commonly described as the north magnetic pole of the Earth is actually a south pole. The magnetic pole is orientated at an angle of about 11 to the rotational axis. It is however, constantly changing its position and moves away or towards the true axis north at a rate of several kilometres per year. (We will explain this further in Chapter 10).  
  The two magnetic poles are not exactly opposite each other with respect to the Earth's centre- that is they are not antipodal. The strength of the Earth's magnetic field varies considerably from time to time, changing over periods varying from tens of thousands of years.  
  Another phenomena is the occurrence of major magnetic disturbances that can change the direction of magnetic fields in rocks such as asteroid and meteorite impacts. In other words a sufficiently strong different direction magnetic field can (and does) alter the magnetic field of rocks to be in a different direction than the Earth's general magnetic fields. (We will explain this further in Chapter 14-Life on Earth). ( Interestingly, the existence of rocks with different direction magnetic fields to the Earth is a prime basis for the theoretical belief that all continents were once part of a giant continent called Pangea(also explained in Chapter 14.)  
     
 
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