20.16
The belief system
  A cohesive belief system is the second component found in every society and every sophisticated city structure. In terms of instruments representing a cohesive belief system, the most common has been the State Creed, or "decree".  
  The State Creed represents the ultimate instrument of power in the formation of a society. Hence, its legitimacy is paramount in considering the legitimacy of the society.  
  In terms of the association of prime constants, they can be divided into both prime positive and prime negative.  
  Prime Positive  
 
Religion Science
God or Gods   Universal Knowledge
laws from gods   Universal laws ( science)
  Truth  
    Reality
    fact
  Validity  
  Reason  
  Rationality  
  Logic  
  Right  
  Correct  
 
  Prime Negative  
 
Religion Science
  Bad  
Evil   Wrong
Lie   False
 
  As we mentioned, these lists of Prime Universal Constants is not the complete list of constants. There are several terms in addition that need to now be considered in the context of Societies and sense of self.  
  In addition, most social organisations of significant behavioral influence over large populations have developed Secondary Universal Constants. Most notably, these secondary universal constants outline more sophisticated positive ideas such as liberty, citizenship as well as negative concepts such as treason, deceit, fraud, guilt and win. We will now seek to place a context regarding the use and development of these key ideas.  
20.16.1 The concept of moral law  
  In any organized system of human endeavor, rules must and do exist. "Ideally" rules exist to place in action the goals of the collective and to ensure the organisation can function. In less ideal and more common circumstances, rules exist at the discretion of the ruling elite to maintain control and limit the populations influence.  
  It was the Romans that excelled in developing rule systems and the application os classifications regardless of existing localized cultures. The Romans integrated, while at some stage going at lengths to define negative behaviour against the State.  
20.16.2 The codification of divine law  
  The concept of anointment by the divine provided a key concept enabling the effective description of the transfer of power from God ( or Gods) to mortals ( to be discussed in a moment)  
  The codification of divine law 5thus enabled detailed rules applying to all behaviour to be described. As such, some religions such as Islam, Christianity and especially Orthodox Judaism have developed highly detailed and sophisticated rule systems.  
20.16.3 The concept of anointment  
  In parallel to the prime universal concept of the existence of Gods, or God, is the idea that the Gods or God periodically bestow their authority and or wisdom upon human beings.  
  The words Messiah (hebrew) and Christos (Greek, Gnostic) mean simply "the anointed one". The word King King  
  The word King comes from the Old English kine and kune, themselves translations of the ancient Greek word Kurie meaning "lord". (hence the hymn kyrie eleison, "lord have mercy") cyning, later cing, cyng, cyne (Old Engish = royal) cingulum = girdle of a priests alb. A band surrounding the base of a tooth  
20.16.4 The concept of democracy  
  The concept of democracy, of elected officials as opposed to divinely anointed representatives is a fairly new concept and first emerged in Greece at end of the reign of Tyrants in the 5th century BCE. While this was considered democracy, in fact the system relied upon the unelected influence of the ruling financial and intellectual elite.  
20.16.5 The concept of liberty and freedom  
  Today, we consider the concept of freedom one of our inalienable rights. However, the concept of being free is relatively quite recent. Freedom of sorts has been implied within social structures for thousands of years.  
  However it is not until institutions such as the Magna Carta, Declaration of Independence and the French Constitution were written that the concept of individual rights were ever codified. Today, in the West, we call this common law.  
  It seems strange for us to imagine, but in years of old, even as little as three hundred years ago, individuals could be mugged and put into service (forced service) on ships  
20.16.6 The concept of citizenship  
  Citizenship is the legal relationship of an individual has with the state. As a legal concept, citizenship demands from the individual a permanent allegiance to the state ( including commitments to bear arms in times of war, to avoid engaging in anti-state activities and to contribute to the financial well-being of the state) and confers upon the citizen full political rights, thus allowing him/her to participate in the state's decision making process.  
  The conferring of citizenship upon an individual is an implicit recognition by the state of the integration of the citizen into the political system.  
  Citizenship is a concept and a status, first became important around 400 BC Greece. here it was neither a national nor a universal status. Citizenship was restricted to a small elite and conferred rights and privileges not enjoyed by the majority of the populace. In many ways it was a negative right used to discriminate against foreigners and members of the "lower classes."  
  It was this negativism which was embraced by the Romans who saw citizenship as a means of distinguishing between "Romans" and all the various nationalities and races embraced by the Roman Empire.  
  But the first century after Christ this distinction had virtually disappeared as the Romans awarded citizenship as a sign of loyalty or for people who demonstrated a commitment to the Empire.  
  The Middle Ages saw citizenship , although still a narrow and privileged concept, being used by the emergent merchant class as a protection against the frequently excessive claims of local barons and noblemen.  
  Historically, the term "citizen" changed meaning in the latter half of the 18thC. Prior to that a citizen was simply a member of a city or town, local borough or municipal corporation. The terms citizen, droit de cite cittadinaza ciudadania and bergerrecht all indicated the relationship an individual had with his immediate town or city. These terms were distinguished from "subject", which was used to indicate an individuals relationship to the monarchy under which he lived.  
  This division was destroyed and the concept of "citizen" established by the French intellectuals who, at the outset of the French Revolution, articulated the idea of the "citoyen" in the famous Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The importance of this concept was that the individual enjoyed a level of civic freedom and had some involvement in the political process- both these rights had been denied under the rules of French Monarchy.  
  Most historians now see the French Revolution of 1789 as the beginning of what we call " modern history" . In its revolt against feudalism and monarchic rule, it set in motion a series of events which led to the rise to power of the middle classes and the establishment of nations and democracies throughout Europe and European-influenced countries.  
  Systematically in the last two centuries, most Western countries have defined for themselves concepts of citizenship and nationality. There are obviously subtle differences from country to country- The United States talks in terms of a national of the United States. Britain has established a complex notion of British subject and commonwealth citizen with differing rights according to where an individual fits into a subtle grading system. and the French have devised rules of citizenship which vary according to whether the individual is a native of France, a native of a colony or a native of a past colony.  
  At core, however, there are only four means by which citizenship is granted:  
 
Birth within a country, in most cases automatically endows citizenship
Direct descent from a parent who is recognized as a citizen
marriage to a citizen may endow citizenship
Most countries have naturalization facilities which allows an alien, after the fulfillment of certain requirements (usually residential), to apply for citizenship. Naturalization usually requires a specific written or verbal commitment to the territory concerned.
 
  There are two grounds for citizenship by birth known as jus soli and jus sanguinis. Jus soli is where a child acquires citizenship simply by being born in a territory. Jus sanguinis is where citizenship is conferred, even if a child is born outside a territory, because at the time of birth, one or more patents were citizens of the territory.  
  In many ways citizenship is an imprecise term. It broadly expresses the relationship between an individual and the state but in the last two hundred years has been open to endless interpretation- usually to the state's advantage.  
  Perhaps the most famous citizenship exclusion case was in 1857 when the United States Supreme Court in what has become the Dred Scott case, declared that no negro, free or slave, could become a United States citizen. This led indirectly to the Civil War and eventually to a change in the United States constitution.  
     
     
 
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